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Bardanes Tourkos
Bardanes, nicknamed ''Tourkos'', "the Turk" (, fl. 795–803), was a Byzantine general of Armenian origin who launched an unsuccessful rebellion against Emperor Nikephoros I (r. 802–811) in 803. Although a major supporter of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens (r. 797–802), soon after her overthrow he was appointed by Nikephoros as commander-in-chief of the Anatolian armies. From this position, he launched a revolt in July 803, probably in opposition to Nikephoros's economic and religious policies. His troops marched towards Constantinople, but failed to win popular support. At this point, some of his major supporters deserted him and, reluctant to engage the loyalist forces in battle, Bardanes gave up and chose to surrender himself. He retired as a monk to a monastery he had founded. There he was blinded, possibly on Nikephoros's orders.
==Origin and early career==
Nothing is known of the early life of Bardanes. He is usually regarded by modern scholars as an Armenian on account of his first name (a Hellenized form of Vardan), whilst his sobriquet "''Tourkos''", which was bestowed upon him, probably disparagingly, only ''after'' his revolt, could suggest a Khazar origin.〔; .〕
Bardanes is probably identical with the ''patrikios'' Bardanios who appears in the ''Chronicle'' of Theophanes the Confessor in the mid-790s. In 795, he was Domestic of the Schools (commander of the ''Scholai'' guards), and was dispatched to arrest the monk Plato of Sakkoudion for his public opposition to the second marriage of Emperor Constantine VI (r. 780–797) to Plato's niece Theodote. In 797, as ''strategos'' (military governor) of the Thracesian Theme, this same Bardanios supported the Empress-mother Irene of Athens when she usurped the throne from her son.〔; ; ; .〕 On Easter Monday, 1 April 799, he is recorded as one of the four ''patrikioi'' (along with Niketas Triphyllios, Sisinnios Triphyllios and Constantine Boilas) who led the horses of the Empress's carriage on a unique triumphal procession from the palace to the Church of the Holy Apostles.〔; .〕
Irene herself was overthrown and exiled by the ''logothetes tou genikou'' (finance minister) Nikephoros on 31 October 802. At the time, Bardanes was still ''patrikios'' and ''strategos'' of the Thracesians, but was soon transferred to command the powerful Anatolic Theme. In the next year, probably in preparation for a campaign against the Arabs following Nikephoros's refusal to continue the annual payment of tribute to the Abbasid Caliphate, the Emperor apparently appointed Bardanes to the post of ''monostrategos'' ("single-general", in effect commander-in-chief) of the Empire's five Anatolian land themes, only conferred in exceptional cases.〔; ; , (Chapter 1 ); .〕 However, this appointment is by no means certain; he is mentioned as ''monostrategos'' only by later sources, while near-contemporary ones mention him only as ''strategos'' of the Anatolics. It is possible that later sources misinterpreted his title to mean "general of all the East (''Anatole'')".〔.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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